Essay on Workplace Violence - 1670 Words

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BIS), workplace violence affects 1.7 million people each year. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) reported 11,613 workplace homicide victims between 1992 and 2006. Averaging just under 800 homicides per year, the largest number of homicides in one year occurred in 1994, while the lowest number occurred in 2006 (CDC). This has become a serious concern and companies now have to take a stand to protect their employees as well as the organization. Workplace violence can have a damaging effect on a company. A company can suffer serious implications if they don’t introduce policies in the workplace that protect employees from becoming a target. Families†¦show more content†¦When someone is pushed against a wall, the potential to detonate is high. Everyone have their limits; however, this does not validate the right to go around shooting and killing people. Even though there are times that the burden might seem too hard to bear, there are always other avenues to consider. Sometimes there are fundamental issues that might affect individuals that cause them to ignite. The existing state of the economy has definitely affected people in a negative manner. There have been a considerable amount of lay-offs due to the current recession. This in itself can affect someone’s state of mind and cause them to retaliate against a company. People are at their boiling points and have no outlet or means of income. Financial or emotional stress can limit a person’s ability to deal with problems. Every day we are informed of the rise in unemployment and the inability to get jobs. Dissatisfied employee’s may return to his or her former place of employment after being terminated and commit murder or some other violent act. A number of these employees are upset because they have no job, finances, or means of income to support their loved ones. Some may ask c an you blame them. This type of violence is displayed daily. A perfect example of this type of violence occurred at a Publix store in March 2010. A supermarket meat cutter was shot and killed in his car outside the store by aShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Violence And The Workplace2844 Words   |  12 PagesWorkplace Violence statics across the United States of America have been on a steady rise each year since the early 1990’s. Reports have consistently shown in recent years that than an average of 500 homicides and 1.5 million assaults occur each year in America, in the workplace. With those types of statics on the rise in America it’s clear that a Workplace Violence Program is essential to the health, welfare, safety, and security of our employees in the workplace. When enacting a Workplace ViolenceRead MoreWorkplace Violence And The Workplace1145 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace violence definition OSHA Fact Sheet (2012) states â€Å" workplace violence is a violence or the threat of violence against workers† (p.1). Workplace violence causes serious harm to employees or homicide that can lead to deaths. Act in any kind of shapes and forms such as: physical threat, threatening behavior, intention of assault and battery, verbal abuse, beating, stabbing, rape, shooting, being followed, psychological trauma, suicide, treat or obscene phone call/text, intimidation. WorkplaceRead MoreWorkplace Violence1735 Words   |  7 PagesWorkplace violence is present in every nook and cranny of corporate America, affecting millions of Americans every year. Workplace violence is defined by the Occupational Safety Health Administration, OSHA, as any act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening disruptive behavior that occurs at the work site. It ranges from threats and verbal abuse to physical assaults and even homicide. In 2011, there were over 2 two million reports and claims of workplaceRead MoreWorkplace Violence And The Workplace1396 Words   |  6 PagesWorkplace violence Workplace violence can be any act of physical violence, threats of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening, disruptive behavior that occurs at the work site. Workplace violence can affect or involve employees, visitors, contractors, and other non-Federal employees. A number of different actions in the work environment can trigger or cause workplace violence. It may even be the result of non-work-related situations such as domestic violence or â€Å"road rageRead MoreWorkplace Violence In The Workplace1071 Words   |  5 Pages INTRODUCTION: Violence in the workplace has become a major safety and health issue. Workplace violence is not limited to homicide. This type of violence includes behaviors and circumstances that threaten an employee s physical safety; such as: verbal threats, sexual or physical harassment, coercion, behavior changes, intimidation, stalking, telephone/email harassment, and history of aggression. â€Å"Workplace violence incidents have tripled in the last decade, and it is now the fastest-growing categoryRead MoreWorkplace Violence10377 Words   |  42 PagesUNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones 5-1-2002 Workplace violence: A case study Robert F. White University of Nevada, Las Vegas Repository Citation White, Robert F., Workplace violence: A case study (2002). UNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones. Paper 522. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/522 This Capstone is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Scholarship@UNLV. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses/Read MoreWorkplace Violence And Its Effects On The Workplace834 Words   |  4 Pagesspecialists, medical attendants and assistants who manage psychiatric patients; individuals from crisis restorative reaction groups; and doctor s facility workers working in confirmations, crisis rooms, and emergency or intense consideration unit. This is violence committed by an aggressor who either gets administrations from or is under the custodial supervision of the influenced work environment or the casualty. The aggressors can be present or previous clients or customers, for example, travelers, patientsRead MoreWorkplace Violence2432 Words   |  10 PagesWORKPLACE VIOLENCE: A FORCE OF OVERALL CONCERN Adell Newman-Lee Criminology-CJ102-D04 December 3, 2003 THESIS: WORKPLACE AS IT RELATES TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE I INTRODUCTION: †¢ Crime and violence †¢ Workplace violence a major concern †¢ The three entities involved II STATISTICS †¢ The Bureau of Justice Statistics †¢ Statistics from 1992 to 1996 †¢ National Crime Victimization Survey and The Bureau of Labor Statistic III WORKPLACE VIOLENCE A LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUE †¢ Responsibility of Law EnforcementRead More Workplace Violence Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Violence Workplace violence is a phenomenon that is now widely recognized as a social problem, which impacts all organizations. According to Department of Justice statistics for 1995, 21% of all violent crime occurred while the victim was either at work or traveling to or from work. Workplace Violence accounted for more than two (2) million violent Crimes annually from 1992-1997 (Kaufer 1-2). In this research paper I will provide an overview of workplace violenceRead MoreEssay on Workplace Violence620 Words   |  3 PagesWorkplace Violence Workplace violence can be defined as any action that can threaten the safety of an employee, impact the employees psychological or physical well being, or cause damage to a companys property. Workplace violence is not often talked about, but it does kill people. In the last decade it has become one of the leading causes of deaths in the workplace. The University

Teaching as an Act of Love - 1097 Words

Antonia Darder. Teaching as an Act of Love: Reflections on Paulo Freire and His Contributions to Our Lives and Our Work. Summary: Antonia Darder presents a portrait of why Freire’s work as an educator was so influential in creating an understanding of education as an art. Teaching truly became an art when educators like Freire began to understand the importance of education in the movement of social change. The presence of love in the classroom, the type of love that is lively, forceful, challenging, and inspiring was the type of love that Darder thought was a lasting influence that Freire had on the field. She emphasized the conviction that Freire held in liberating students through education, he believed in the humanizing aspects of†¦show more content†¦The tone of most of the readings thus far has been negative and has made me feel pessimistic about the future of the educational system. The issues that our reading assignments have discussed seem to run so deep in our social consciousness that there is little hope in reversing the trends of social inequality. This fear makes becoming a teacher seem dismal; if all we have to hold onto on our road to teaching is the notion that the patterns of inequality are getting worse and the elites are becoming more powerful how are we as teachers supposed to do anything at all to help our students and ourselves. I enjoyed this weeks reading selections because it brought a defining focus upon the fear that teachers experience and gave a bit of advice on how to use the fear as a powerful force. I believe that the fear that Freire spoke of is one that is shared by many educators. It is a fear that does not diminish with time or experience, on the contrary, it eats at you as you plan your lessons, as you teach your students, and it goes home with you and stays with you outside of the classroom. Freire’s thoughts on the ability of the educator to channel the fear of being fired or being targeted as a radical into a powerful force was inspiring. It was great how he took something negative and turned it into a tool that can be used in a positive way, he encouraged educators to talk about it andShow MoreRelatedThe Crusades Were A Chain Of Military And Religious Campaigns1003 Words   |  5 Pagesinspired people in 1095 in Clermont, France to become part of the Crusades by promising them the forgiveness of sins to those who joined the First Crusade and seeing that these people commit their property and themselves to the Crusades out of the love of God and their neighbor. In 1095, the Christians commence an attack on Jerusalem to fight the pagans and protect the other Christians. 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Development of Dance and Music in the Philippines free essay sample

Back then, the alphabet used was different and were similar to the Malay-Polynesian alphabet which we called Alabama. Written works however did not last long because the Spanish Friars burned them believing that they were works of the devil or that were stored because they were written in perishable materials like the barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylinders. Those that survived are in oral form such as our folk songs. The Spaniards tried to prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy until today and which serve to show descendants the true Filipino culture.Pre-Spanish literature is characterized by Legends, Folk tales, Epics, Folk Songs, and Epigrams/Riddles/Chants/Proverbs Sayings. Spar-shish period (1565-1872) At this regime, Philippine literature started to thrived at Governor-General Miguel Lopez De Legalizes reign. Due to three centuries of colonization, several changes were influenced by the Spaniards: 1. Alabama, the 1st Filipino alphabet, was changed to Roman alphabet 2. Basis of religious practices was the teaching of Christian Doctrine 3. Spanish language was infused with Filipino language 4.Assimilation of European legends traditions to our own 5. Translation of ancient literature to our dialects 6. Printing of Filipino grammar books 7. Periodicals gained a religious tone. The first books published were Nag Doctrine Christiana, Muenster Senora del Rosaries, Libra De Los Actuator Postmasters De Hombre, Nag Barilla at Josephus, The Passion, Urbana at Felines and Nag Mega Dalai Kay Maria. Several Literary compositions in this period were Rate y Reggae De la Language Tag by FRR. Balances De San Jose, Compendia De la Language Tag by FRR.Gasper De San Augustan and Vocabulary De la Language Tag by FRR. Pedro De San Buenaventura. Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) After being passive under Spanish rule for 3 centuries, the Filipino spirit awakened when the 3 well known priests Gomez, Burros, Somoza ? were guillotined without enough evidence and the Spaniards werent able to strain the rebellion. The rebellion was divided in 2 efforts: The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) and period of Active Revolution (1896-1898). The Propaganda Movement were leaded by intellectual middle-class people like our National Hero Dry.Jose Racial, Marcelo del Pillar, and Gracing Lopez Jean, and its members were Antonio Ulna, Marino Pence, Jose Ma. Panamanian, Pedro Pattern etc. The objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and changes for the liberation and equity of Filipinos through their literary works. The most famous works of these people that stirred the Filipinos were Noel Me Teenager, II Filibusterers, Mi Ultimo Adios, A La Juvenile Filipino, Paging As Attenuating Lap, La Sobering En Philippians, Nag Fray Bottom, En och Buena, Sober Filipinos, A Mi Madder, and Nag Lapping Tinnitus. However, the petitions made by the propaganda movement were ignored and fell on deaf ears that this action led to the revolution leaded by Andrea Boniface, Emilio Action, and Application Mamboing, whose members were Jose Palm, Poi Valuable, etc. Though its true that the group used weapons against the colonizers, they also contributed several literary works such as Pigtail as Attenuating Lap, Sartorial Eng Justinian, and As Banyan Filipino. American Regime (1898-1941 ) After the Spaniards were defeated, peace movements started as early as 1900. Filipinos started writing again and nationalism remains undisturbed.During this period, writers went into all forms of literature like news reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, novels, etc. Their writing clearly depicted patriotism and longing for independence. In addition, 3 group of writers were formed Spanish, Toga, and English. Though they differ in methods of reporting, they share the same ideas and spirit. The Spanish writers wrote on nationalism like in honoring Filipino heroes. Toga writers went on and on in their lamentations on the conditions Of the country and their attempts to arouse love for ones native tongue.English writers just imitated the themes and methods of the Americans. Also, this regime was divided into three periods. The First Period was of Re-orientation (1898-1910). Not much was produced during this period and was not much of literary worth. Writers were still adjusting from the idea of democracy freedom of ideas and speech, the new phraseology of English language and standards of English literary style. They had to learn direct expression conditioned by direct thinking, sentence constructions, sounds speech in English. They had to abandon sentimentality and floridly of language for the more direct and precise English language.Also, English becomes the official medium of instruction for all public schools. The Philippine Free Press was founded in 1905 and College Folio begun its publication. The Second Period was of Imitations (1910-1924). The UP College Folio was the pioneers in short English story and poetry writing. They were more into imitating American and British oodles which resulted in a stiff, synthetic and unnatural style, lacking vigor and naturalness. Writers of this folio included Fernando Miramar, Juan F. Salary, Jose M. Hernandez, Vaccine del Iffier, Francisco Autonomous, Maxima Kali, Vidal A. Tan, Francisco M. Africa, and Victorian Yeoman.In addition, the Philippine Herald began its publication in 1920. The Third Period was of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941 By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now confidently and completely wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. They also went into all forms of writing like the novel and drama. Furthermore, Philippine Book Guild and Philippine Writers ague was organized and the 1st Commonwealth Literary awards were given. Japanese period (1941-1945) The progression of Philippine literature halted during the Japanese invasion.All newspapers except for Tribune and the Philippine Review were stopped. Because of the strict prohibitions in English writing by the invaders, Toga literature experienced renewed attention. Even the weekly Alleyway was placed under strict supervision until it was managed by Japanese man named Ashier. In other words, Toga literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays (but dramas became lull and were simply translated versions of English plays), poems (3 types arise: Haiku, Tanana, and Garaging Annoy), short stories (its field expanded), etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces.Philippine Literature in English experienced a dark period and those who dared to write did for propaganda. Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature and what literary output there was hardly negligible. Writers felt chained but slowly the permit of nationalism returned. While some continued to write, others waited for a better time to publish their works. Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970) Writers had learned to express themselves more confidently but post-war problems beyond language and print-like economic stability, the threat of new ideas, and mortality had to be handled well together.There was proliferation of newspapers and it proved that there were more readers in English than vernaculars. Journalist became more radical. And as normality was restored, the tones and themes of writings turned to the less pressing problems of economic survival. Those who went abroad came back to publish their written works. It was noted that not all published books focused on war years but were simply compilations and second editions of what had been written before. Here are some works of this period: The Voice of the Veteran Twilight in Tokyo Passion Death of the SAFE For Freedom and Democracy Betrayal in the Philippines Seven Hills Away Most poems dealt with the usual love of nature and social political problems. Novel Short Stories became longer. Toga Literature was resurrected and mostly focused during the occupation of Japanese brutality, poverty, exploits, etc. Several literary-related organizations were formed and literary awards were launched I. E. The Planck Awards period of Activism (1970-1972) The patriotic youths became active and ask for changes in the government.They believe that the system is okay but the stationed people are not. But because of this, several of them were imprisoned along with other rebel writers. They truly were heroes. Many books aptly record and embody these times but many of these are not known to many and many of these writers still have to be interviewed. These led to the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. Campus newspapers were malodorous of rebellious emotions. They attacked the ills of society and politics. Any establishment became the symbol of the ills that had to be changed. Frustrations of youths were felt in churches and schools.Even those with authority who should be respected were thought to be hindrances to the changes sought by youths hence, they were targeted. The literature of the activist reached a point where they stated boldly what should be done to effect these changes. Some of theses who rallied to this revolutionary form of literature were Rolando Toni, Region Manganese, Free Abuse, ROI Alma, and Clement Battista. The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry. The short stories, novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the onset Of activism.Some Of these were I Married a Newspaperman by Maria Ulna Lopez, The Modern Filipino Short Story by Patricia Enameled Cruz, Cross Currents in Afro-Asian Literature by Rustics D. Carpi, Brief Time to Love by Offline F. Almanac, and Medium Rare and Tell the People by Julie Yap Daze period of New society (1972-1981 ) Bilingual education which was initiated by the Board of National Education as early as 1 958 and continued up to the period of Martial Rule in September 1972, resulted in the deterioration of English in the different levels of education.The focus of education and culture were on problems of national identity, on re-orientation, renewed vigor and a firm resolve to carve to carry out plans and programs. The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry. The short stories, like the novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the onset of activism. Books entitled The Modern Filipino Short Story(Patricia Enameled Cruz) and Brief Time to Love Offline Limbic) came out during this epoch. Erred Of The Third Republic (1981-1985) After the Martial Rule was lifted, people still seethed with rebel lion and protest from the previous oppression and suppression. Just because the rule was lifted, it doesnt mean people will be peaceful. The anger and hatred felt didnt dissipate immediately. It was even infrared when the late Benign S. Aquinas Jar. Was assassinated. The peoples idol and hope brutally murdered, who wouldnt feel mad? The aftermath was chaotic yet ironically, the people united and somehow brought change to our country.Such event was considered one of the major turning points in History. It should be noted that Philippine Literature retained its luster inspire of the numerous limitations. Also, the Planck Awards continued whether on time or delayed. Contemporary Period (1986) Finally, freedom became a reality won through peaceful, bloodless and God, blessed revolution. Through everyones effort, independence was blessed to them, true Republic of the Philippines. Several changes in literature during this period was evident: On Newspapers: buddy newspaper became opposition papers overnight (I. E.Bulletin Today The Inquirer) and enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation. Being free of restrictions, columnists became vocal and a bumper crop of young journalist emerged. The old stalwarts of the former dispensation came back with retaliation. Excluding tabloids, 19 local dailies, both English Toga, were in circulation by June 1986. On Books: Experiences during the Martial Law was documented and Philippine Literature is still progressing. Books that carry print and visual events of what occurred during the February Revolution were People Power (by Ammonia M. A. Mercado J. B.Router) and Banyan OK (Verities Publication Communications Foundation). Literary awards were continuously given like the National Book Awards in which in that period, Marjorie Persia (Daydreamers Selected Poems) and Dianna L. Eugenia (Await as Corridor: Philippine Metrical Romances) were awarded according to the choices made by the Manila Critics Circle. Also, Bookmark Manila 88 by Philippine Exhibit Company was held with the belief that requisition of knowledge not only enhances individual skills capabilities but more importantly, makes positive contributions to the nations development program.The flowering of Philippine literature in the various language continues as Filipino writers continue to write whether these are socially committed, gender/ethnic related or in personal intention. They became more conscious of their art with the proliferation of writers workshops here and abroad and the bulk of literature available to him via mass media including internet. With various literary awards, writers were encouraged to compete with peers and hope that their creative efforts will bore them rewards.With the new requirement by the SHED of teaching of Philippine Literature in all tertiary schools in the country emphasizing the caching of vernacular literature or literatures of the regions, the audience for Filipino writers is virtually assured. And, perhaps, a national literature finding its niche among the literatures of the world will not be far behind. Development of Philippine Music The Filipinos are a musical nation is a fact. Their beautiful sentimental music is the result of their reaction to their physical and emotional environment.However, the Filipinos do not have sufficient authentic records of their forefathers invaluable writings because these were destroyed by con errors or accidentally lost through carelessness or ignorance. Also, one cannot tell exactly the characteristics of certain epochs of Philippine music because music may d evelop continuously over different periods of history regardless of historic circus instances. As musical people, Filipinos have a particular brand of music for every occasion. Our ascendants had their own collection of songs, dances, and instruments which exemplified their religious and social life.Songs of our ancestors were more of recitative but the melody exudes customs, traditions, and aspirations Of the people. Many Of these songs were sung by non- Christian tribes. Early Filipinos had songs for the various activities. According to Canonical and Aside, early Filipinos had: 1 . Ordinary songs (Dianna, tailwind) 2. Street songs (undulating, Juliann) 3. Sorrow (dalai, umbra) 4. Wedding (Inman) 5. Rowing (dissipating, clausal) 6. Lullaby (hell, hill, away, away) 7. Success (baling-skunking, deadpanning, Hillman, combination, datagram) 8. House (tinged) 9. General merrymaking (kali) 10.Counting (Uruguay) Several Instruments: 1) String a) Bucket/quitting/bigwigs Visalia guitar made from coconut shell b) Butting/geranium bamboo ties with hemps or banana fibers c) Kidnap/ tapir/haggling two-strip engaged elongated lute d) Lit bamboo violin e) Pas-inning/gulling/panting bamboo guitar f) Kara guitar used by Kara people in east coast of Mindanao g) Geranium bamboo bow h) Boonton violin/hogging/akin/sawdust/Armstrong I) Angrier violin 2) Wind a) Banks/Gleaned/Palatal four-hole made of mountain cane b) Tulsa/total flute with one hole for mouth and six holes for fingers c) Eyeballing/baling/ kipping nose flute d) Natty/subbing clarinet e) Sunday bamboo flute with coconut leaf trumpet attached to the lower end f) Papayas water whistle ) Pastor ? toy instrument made of leaf of the coconut or nip for small horn(turbot) h) Did-ideas pipe instrument I) Tambala ? trumpet made from horn 3) Percussion a) Saluting most primitive percussi on instrument still used b) Bank/bill bamboo musical instrument c) Sullies hollow wooden drum; rhythm instrument to mark the times of the dance d) Tug ? drum e) Luda drum f) Unguent drum g) Gangs kind of bronze gong h) Agglutinating set of graduated melody gongs extensively used I) Ganging ? 4 big narrow-lidded gongs j) Bandier single bronze gong k) Gabbing native xylophone used in Sulk ) Subbing Jews harp Spanish Period (1521-1898) Spaniards not only brought their own culture but also European influence which marked the beginning of the cultivation of music as a fine art in the Philippines. The Educational Decree of 1 863 was implemented and it provided for formal education for teachers where vocal music was one of the subjects to be taught. Because of this, Sacred Music was given importance because Christianity was the main goal of Spanish Colonization. Songs: a. Tactually is a melody depicting grief.It is best adapted to the reading/ singing of the Passion of our Lord dur ing the Holy Week. It is also sung in monotone. B. Palominos is a Song Of the blind asking for alms c. Augmenting is the oldest and most popular song among Christian Filipinos. It is a nocturnal song sung to the accompaniment of the violin/guitar. It expresses the history, character and tradition of the people. D. Await is a recitative written in 3/4 time and in minor key. It is set freely to verses about Philippine legendary hero. E. Ballista is a Visalia folksong with is a dance and song though mostly sung. It is dived into 2 classes: Baling Mayor (derived from the graceful French slow waltz) and Ballista Minor (characteristically a Visalia love song). F.Kinsman comes from the words Gung Hindi man. It is a Toga love song whose rhythmic figure is derived from the lively Spanish bolero a typical 3/4 waltz. Also, it is the favorite of serenades. Games: Duple is an impromptu competition in which the loser recites a poem, a sort of entertainment to console the relatives of the deceased. Philippine Folk Dances: There are more than 1 75 folk dances in the Philippine which have remained unchanged through the years. Because Filipinos enjoyed European dances particularly fandango, curaà §ao, tango, separated and the stately rigatoni, mom of these folk dances were modified to meet the need for change as modernization demands.These dances reflect almost all aspects of the peoples lives: religious, occupational, entertainment, recreational, courtship, marriage, baptism and even war. According to Mrs. . Lucre Lustful, Philippine indigenous music can be divided into three distinct groups: The Randall The instruments of Muslim Filipinos (assortment of brass instruments) The instruments of the mountain region tribes (I. E. Gong flute, drums) Early Philippine Theatre: There were various native stage presentations Filipinos enjoyed during the Spanish period. The most popular vernacular presentations were the moor- moor, carillon and Surreal. During occasions of town fiestas, performers used provisional stage of nip and bamboo. Later, huge theatre bodegas with pyramidal roofs such as those seen over cockpits appeared. The Moor-moor depicts the battle between Christians Muslims, the adaptations of legends about knight-errants princesses, the triumphant entry/exit of the conqueror and the downfall of the vanquished accompanied by Spanish music. The Carillon is a shadow play using puppets made from cardboard skillfully manipulated by a narrator behind the screen. The themes are usually derived from the libretto from Don Quixote, Bubby Eng Mall an Pinioning Histories and Don Juan Tenor. The Surreal are improvised plots by comedians using comic, tragic, fantastic, melodramatic, or a combination of all. It does not have a definite form. Singing was free and imaginative. Performers make extemporaneous comments. At times, the audience swapped comments with the artists. It is said that Surreal originated from Pangaea hence, they are the best.Before the birth of talkies and television, reseals used to be the most popular form of entertainment especially during the barrio fiesta. The Bamboo Organ of Lass Paisa: The man who conceived the idea of building the bamboo organ was a young Spanish priest of the Augustine Recollect order, FRR. Diego Care deal Virgin del Carmen. Due to low funds, he along with the village craftsmen created the Bamboo Organ and was credited for it. The organ has undergone repairs in several years. It is the oldest and most unique musical instrument for its durability is unsurpassed for having lasted more than 160 years compared to most organs of only 15 years.American Period (1898-1941 ) The first known law affecting the Philippine Public School System was Article 74 of the Philippine commission which provided formal training for teachers. The American Educational systems have greatly influenced the Philippine system of musical education with the treatment of music as part of a broad pattern of liberal education. American textbooks and song books were used. The radio, phonograph, and movies helped disseminate world culture. American singing through jazz invaded the country. Nevertheless, the spirit of nationalism triggered by the Spanish revolution, pushed Filipino composers o use the native folk songs for their thematic materials. With the establishment of conservatories (school for special instruction in music), formal education in music started.Under a program of specialization was the training program for professionals which produced music specialist such as performer, composer, transcriber, conductor, researcher, musicologist, arranger, theorist, essayist, and critic. Philippine Opera: It was believed that Philippine Opera evolved from the Surreal. And because of the various opera companies engaged in the production of Surreal, Manila was dubbed Italy of the Orient Japanese Occupation Period (1942-1945) This was the darkest epoch in the history of the Philippines. The Japanese wanted only Oriental ways for the people. This gave the Filipinos no other choice but to revert to their traditional ways of entertainment ? opera, musical plays and drama although a few appreciated Japanese music. Post Liberation Period (1945-1946) The Filipino is a lover of music. Music is as important as the air he breaths.He finds adequate expression of his feelings through singing, moving, creating, playing an instrument, and just listening. The reawakening of interest in diversified forms of culture is manifested in the proliferation of ensembles, vocal and instrumental not only in schools but also in churches, government and private offices, communities and within the family. Not only the gifted in institutions get involved but even the out of school youth has his share of participation. The peoples patrimony of the country caused the use of native instruments through Randall, a favorite performing string ensemble in all public schools, private institutions, government offices, and other musically interested groups.

Negotiation Skills

It is likely for human beings to be involved in conflicts at one point or the other in their lifetime. How do we address these disputes? The more we grow and mature, the more we learn how to share, compromise and suspend the fulfillment of our needs. This can be in form of a disturbance from a dog barking in your neighbor’s home or hanging tree branch.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Either way, we are tempted to turn to reason as a means to solve our differences. This reasoning often has its limit of logic resulting to an unfulfilled solution. Even though this is a way of providing a solution to the problem, it does not involve getting our needs met. In other cases, we may require the skills of others to assist in resolving our conflicts through such methods like arbitration and mediation. Needless to say, these are methods that are very expensive to the pockets of the parties involved with the end result being a probable annoyance before the dispute is settled. At this point, the link between the parties involved is so much negatively affected that the effect of the process may be worse than the pre-existing stalemate (HBSP, 2005). In order to not only meet our needs but also sustain our relationships, negotiation is the preferred method of reaching agreements. When the exchanges we have with the other party are friendly, we may not even realize that we are negotiating in an attempt to solve our everyday problems . One of the areas in which negotiations have proved very useful is in the employment relations. Indeed, employment relations were a fertile ground for the early development of negotiations theory especially in unionized settings . Negotiations in these settings are characterized by interaction between two clearly differentiated labor and management institutions each with clear sense of their best interests. Since the 197 0s, there have been changes in employment relations, therefore, necessitating new and different forms of labor negotiations. Many of the negotiations structures that have come up are analogous in nature. Nevertheless, they continue to play a key role in the transition from arms-length relations to more tightly coupled forms of economic and social relations.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The big question is why negotiation is the preferred method to other methods of conflict resolution. What does one need to keep in mind when negotiating? How can one develop good negotiation skills? These are some of the questions that will be handled in this essay which bases its argument on the Kolb’s model. Regardless of whether we consciously realize it or not, our daily life is characterized by an almost endless array of negotiations. They range from simple tasks like the dec ision on what to cook for dinner to more sophisticated matters such as resolving a conflict with a customer or co-worker. It is obvious that negotiation is a skill or art that we must have in order to co-exist harmoniously with other people. Any successful negotiation goes beyond the restrictions of resolving conflict to include a small balance of meeting our needs while building strong connections with others. In order to understand what negotiation is, it is important to understand what it is not. If a boss in a company gives an order to a subordinate, the only choice that the latter has is to do it. This is not negotiation by all means. When an unfamiliar is brought in to make a decision between two warring sides via arbitration, the sides are legally bound to abide by the arbitrator’s decision. Once again, this is not negotiation. Another popular belief that has been held for long is that negotiation is a competitive game. This is quite wrong because when we negotiate, we do not compete with the aim of defeating the opponents. Instead, we aim to do the best we can for ourselves. In that case, for a negotiation to be termed as effective in its proper context, it should be viewed as a means of pursuing interests. Having looked at what negotiation is not, it is only fair now to embark on analyzing what it is. Negotiation can be viewed as a process that involves making joint decisions in a scenario where the involved parties have varied preferences. Simply put, it is a way of getting what you want when making decisions. A lot of literature exists on the definition, types and how to negotiate effectively. However for purposes of this essay, I have chosen to stick to this simple definition of the negotiation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because it has the fundamentals of the process. Though the contexts in which the negot iation may take place differ, the underlying principle is that each party has to genuinely desire an agreement. If the agreement cannot be applied, this affects the whole process because the solutions arrived at should be likely (Menhert, 2008). There exist three major types of negotiations. These are the positional, principled and situational negotiations. Positional negotiation happens to be the traditional form of negotiation whereby the parties involved work under a command if they are in a position of no compromise; the whole process becomes unsuccessful . The process can only succeed if all aspects opposing positions are explored to find a middle ground. This strategy, as the name suggests, involves holding on to a fixed position of what you want and arguing for it irrespective of the underlying interests. A classic example to this is when a customer goes to a store to buy a certain commodity. He or she has the maximum amount that s/he is willing to pay while the vendor will s ell the item at a certain minimum price. The two sides will start with an extreme position but eventually, a compromise will be made. This type of negotiation has its short falls (F3fundit.com). One of the reasons that make positional negotiation an unlikely option in solving conflicts is because, as the process goes on, the parties involved become more and more inclined to their positions continually restating and holding them. This strong commitment to holding one’s position results to a lack of attention by both parties. Any agreement that will be reached will be a reflection of a mechanical splitting of the disparities between final positions instead of a solution well-crafted in meeting legal interests of the parties (F3fundit.com). This strategy is unlikely to result to a win-win outcome and therefore leads to bad feelings between the parties due to a dissatisfaction of one of the parties with the outcome. The second type of negotiation is often referred to as the †˜Harvard Model’, whereby the parties are encouraged to search for the basic principles supporting their positions. This process is mostly preferred by most of the specialists as it is full of creativity and a background of offering objectives rather than solutions.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is a high chance of the process being successful because in contrast to positional bargaining, the parties involved possess a sense of achievement instead of loss (Vaux, 2011). Moreover, there is a high possibility of this strategy changing into positional negotiation or overcoming the whole issue if emotions are allowed to be the part of the process. The last type of negotiation is situational in nature, and it takes place when the two types discussed earlier go against the set guidelines. Compared to the others, it is more indirect since messages are relayed to a third party hence time consuming. Having explored the three basic types of negotiation that exist, the focus of the paper shifts to personal experience in acquiring. A number of issues will be addressed in this section. These include the whole experience of developing negotiations skills, what one should keep in mind while negotiating as well as lessons learnt from the complexity of the negotiation process. There is no doubt that human beings behave differently in different situations. That is why it may prove difficult to give a personal account of the negotiation process. However, the essay concentrates much on the essentials of the process and less of individual experience. This is because experiences rely heavily on outcomes whose nature is concrete, specific, quantifiable or measurable (Menhert, 2008). There is little one can do with the outcome to solve the issues at hand, after all. From my experience, I have succeeded in challenging a few myths surrounding negotiation. One of this is the popular belief that negotiation is unpredictable. This is not true. Negotiating behavior at least from my point of view-happens to fall into patterns that are recognizable, and that can be responded by sensible observers. When entering into any negotiation, the predictive power of knowing the workings of experienced negotiators should not be considered as useless . A classic example of this is to study how lawyers and attorneys argue their case. As such, because they are daily involved in solving conflicts in courtrooms, people may think that they are effective negotiators. However, this may not be the case because there are many factors that determine how effective a negotiation is. In an effort to know what makes an effective negotiation, it is important to understand the context in which negotiations are done determine the effectiveness of the process. On legal matters, for instance lawyers, effective negotiators may be viewed as those who get more money from their clients. Still on judicial matters, I also found out that an effective negotiator may be the one whose client is satisfied. Another observation was that for negotiation to be effective, both parties have to be satisfied. A number of people also suggested to me that effective negotiation is the one that beats the opponent by . That is why while studying the composition of an effective negotiation process, it is impor tant to consider the situation in which the negotiation is being held as well as the definition of effectiveness of the process. Effective negotiation is a learned personality but not a case of being in a particular career. There are many models that suggest the stages one has to follow in order to be an effective negotiator. There is no doubt that we all learn through different styles. Some people are auditory learners, others are visual. However for purposes of this essay, the model that will be highly valued is the Kolb model. Kolb (1984) identifies the learning process as knowledge creation by transforming experiences. He further adds that knowledge is a combination of what we experience and how we alter it. Why should negotiation be equated with learning? Are there any similarities between the two? In deed there exists a close link between the two concepts as shall be discussed. According to Kolb, learning has six characteristics. Just like negotiation, learning is best conside red as a process. The main focus in both is not on the outcomes but the means of arriving at them. In other words, the ends do not justify the means but the former do. Another characteristic that makes learning similar to negotiation is the fact that the two are continuous processes grounded in experience (Kolb, 1999). Indeed, conflict resolution is the sole duty of the negotiation process. Tension exists in the learning process and so does in negotiation. The decision is a trial to be conventional. Another characteristic existing in both learning and the negotiation process is the fact that they include exchanges between a person and the environment. For the case of negotiation, the environment is the other party on the negotiation table . Lastly, learning results from the transaction between social familiarity and personal understanding. These two requirements are also very important in the negotiation process. The above similarities point out that the negotiation process is very much related to the learning. It follows suit that the process and experience gained in acquiring negotiation skills is much similar to that of learning. As such, this essay will explore the Kolb’s model of learning and how it is related with the negotiation process. Before moving to extra details of the theory or rather the model, it is important to understand why the model is called the experiential learning model. The model is experiential because, it is based on pointer of what we experience but not our experimenting. Kolb argues that we learn and develop after we have experienced. This theory will prove very relevant when later in the essay I address its link with the negotiation process . David Kolb’s learning model is founded on two steps forming a quadrant. The first one is called the processing step. This deals with our approach to a task like our preference to learn by doing to watching. The other one is perception. This affects our emotional reactions on pre ference on adopting a certain style of learning say thinking or learning. The resultant matrix is composed of four phases that are very crucial for learning to be effective. It is crucial to establish that Kolb’s model is not only a learning style but also a program. Each of the stage is reflected in the learning process. The resultant cycle has four steps namely: feeling, watching, thinking and doing . By concrete experience, Kolb suggests that it is better to learn by feeling and being sensitive to other people’s feelings. We then relate the specific experiences to people. Under reflective observation or watching, he argues that we observe the environment from many perspectives before making a judgment and in order to look for the meaning of things. The thinking stage involves logic where one’s action on an idea is determined by the cognitive understanding of the situation at hand. The last stage is that of active experimentation or doing . This is the ability to do things through impartation on others and events via our actions. It also includes risk taking. Although one may learn in any stage of the Kolb process, going through the four stages puts him or her in a more favorable condition depending on the prevailing circumstances. Kolb (1999) holds that the learning process is a context of people who move from the four stages and therefore for one to learn effectively, they should balance the stages. He also adds that concrete experience and abstract conceptualization are a reflection of right brain and left brain in that order. The four combinations of the Kolb model determine the learning style one prefers. This is because learning styles are not fixed qualities but instead they are a stable pattern of conduct grounded on a leaner’s background and experience. That is why learning styles are more of preferences than styles. Having looked at the Kolb’s model in detail, the big question now is how it can be applied in acqui ring negotiation skills. From a personal account, I have found the model very relevant. As a recap of an initial statement, negotiation is a process and so is learning. It is a skill acquired by following the four stages of the Kolb model of learning. The first stage involves concrete experience. In order to negotiate effectively, one has to learn from specific examples; these may be earlier encounters or the daily interactions with people. It is also important to be sensitive to the party’s feelings by being empathetic. Empathy will ensure that your relationship with the other party is not affected even after the process. This however does not imply that you become soft on them and lose your focus on meeting your interest in the bargain . The second step is that of reflective observation. For one to be an effective negotiator, he or she ought to be watchful. One has to address the issue causing disagreement from different perspectives before forging your bargain. This will p revent bringing into the process to rigid stands and ideas that may stall the whole thing. Under the abstract conceptualization stage, a negotiator has to logically analyze ideas and act only after he or she has intellectually understood the situation . One should not jump into conclusions before giving every opportunity for a middle ground a second thought. Lastly, under active experimentation, a negotiator should be in a position to influence the other party in order to reach a solution to a conflict. This should go to the extent of risk taking in the form of compromise in order to reach a satisfying solution to the tight spot the two sides are faced with. The four modes are therefore as important in learning as they are in acquiring negotiation skills. Based on the analysis of the Kolb model of learning and its relevance in the negotiation process, there are few lessons that an effective negotiator should keep in mind while on the negotiation table. The first thing is to analyze one’s position and define what they hope to achieve with the negotiations. The analysis should be done objectively. Just like your case, learn about the other side and what they too want to achieve. The more informed one is before the negotiations, the better prepared they will be before the process starts. A negotiator should also eliminate personal feelings. In any negotiation, it may be easy to let one’s personal opinion stall the process or become too emotional. One should learn to terminate the two tendencies, and instead employ a polite and professional conduct always. One should too be prepared to compromise. This does not mean that one should not stick to their guns. The idea is for one to know what they are willing to fight for and never let the need for striking a deal to push them to a compromise . Another thing to put in mind when negotiating especially in formal situations is to prove and authorize any agreement you make. In fact, it should be put in writi ng, indicate all the details and be signed by every party. To make the decision arrived at in a negotiation legal abiding, it may be necessary to notarize or have it looked by a lawyer. This confirmation of the agreement is prevention of future misunderstandings hence ensuring enactment of the agreement’s condition (Menhert, 2008). In conclusion, putting into consideration all the above points will place one in a favorable condition on the negotiation table . The Kolb’s learning model will, by all means, come in hand for anyone who endeavors to become an effective negotiator. However as noted earlier in this essay, it is important to note that the effectiveness of the negotiation process depends much on the nature of the conflict as well as definition of effectiveness. Nevertheless, the basic negotiation skills are extremely crucial in the contemporary world and every one should long to learn them. They should not be viewed as the duty of lawyers or human resource prof essionals. References list Asherman, A Asherman, S (2001), Negotiation source book (2nd ed.), Harvard: Amherst. Beauttah, A (2008), Major processes of negotiation, Prentice Hall: New Jersey. BM, C., Bray, M., Wairing, P., Cooper, R (2008), Employment relations: theory and practice, McGraw Hill: New York. Clevend, B (2006), Negotiation skills.,Cengage Learning: New York. Downs, L ( 2008), Negotiations skills training,ASTD East Petoria: Illinois. F3fundit.com (2011), The art of negotiation-Positional bargaining. Web. Harvard Business School Press (HBSP) (2005),The essentials of negotiation. Harvard University Press: Boston. Kolb , D (1984),Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development, Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs. Kolb, D (1999), The Kolb Learning Style Inventory (Version 3, ed.),Hay Group: Boston. Menhert, M (2008), Negotiation: Definition, types, manager’ issues in negotiation, cultural differences and the negotiation process, GRIN Verlag: Norderstedt. Vaux, R, eHow (2011), How to develop negotiation skills. Web. Walton, R. M (1989), Negotiating transformation: Bargaining lessons learned from the transformation of employment relations. 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